• Electric Shock - Stick welding operates at high voltages, posing a risk of severe electrical shock if proper precautions aren't taken.
• UV and Infrared Radiation - The welding arc emits intense ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) radiation, which can cause burns, skin damage, or "welder's flash" (arc eye).
• Burns - Sparks, molten metal, and hot surfaces can lead to serious thermal burns.
• Fumes and Gases - Stick welding produces hazardous fumes containing metals, oxides, and other toxic substances that can cause respiratory issues or long-term health problems.
• Fire and Explosion - Sparks and heat can ignite flammable materials or vapors, leading to fires or explosions in poorly managed environments.
• Eye and Face Injuries - Flying particles, slag, and spatter can cause injuries to the eyes and face if proper protection isn’t worn.
• Ergonomic Strain - Welding for extended periods in awkward positions can result in musculoskeletal disorders.
• Noise Exposure - Stick welding processes can produce loud noise levels, risking hearing damage over time.
• Slip and Trip Hazards - Welding cables and tools left on the ground can cause workers to trip or fall, leading to injuries.
• Poor Visibility - Intense glare from the arc or insufficient lighting in the workspace can reduce visibility, increasing the risk of errors or accidents.
• Heat Stress - Working in hot environments or wearing heavy protective gear for long periods can lead to heat exhaustion or dehydration.

OSHA 29CFR:

• 1910.252: This standard outlines the basic safety precautions and practices for welding, cutting, and brazing operations in general industry
• 1910.133:  This standard focuses on protecting workers’ eyes and faces from hazards such as flying particles, molten metal, chemicals, and harmful light radiation

ANSI/ISEA Z87.1:

• Defines requirements for protective eyewear, including welding goggles and helmets, to prevent exposure to UV, infrared (IR), and visible light
• Includes specifications for lens shade numbers based on the type of welding (e.g., arc, TIG, MIG, or gas welding)

ANSI Z49.1:

• Provides comprehensive guidance on welding safety, including recommendations for clothing, gloves, helmets, and respiratory protection
• Emphasizes fire-resistant and non-melting fabrics for clothing

NFPA 2112: Standard on Flame-Resistant Clothing for Protection Against Flash Fire
This standard establishes the minimum performance requirements for flame-resistant (FR) garments designed to protect workers from flash fire hazards. It is widely used in industries such as oil and gas, chemical manufacturing, and utilities.

ASTM F1506: Standard Performance Specification for Flame Resistant and Arc Rated Textile Materials for Wearing Apparel Used by Electrical Workers Exposed to Momentary Arc and Related Thermal Hazards
Establishes minimum performance requirements for textiles used in protective clothing for workers exposed to electrical arcs and flames.

ASTM F2413: Standard Specification for Performance Requirements for Protective (Safety) Toe Cap Footwear
Defines the minimum performance requirements for safety footwear to protect against various workplace hazards.

ISO 11611: Protective Clothing for Use in Welding and Allied Processes
Specifies requirements for protective clothing designed to shield workers from heat, flame, and molten metal splashes during welding and related tasks.

ISO 11612: Protective Clothing to Protect Against Heat and Flame
Covers general requirements for garments that protect against heat and flame in industrial settings, such as foundries and firefighting support.