• Electric Shock - MIG welding involves high currents, and improper grounding or contact with live components can result in severe electrical shock.
• Fumes and Gases - The process generates harmful fumes, including manganese, chromium, and carbon monoxide, depending on the base metal and filler wire. Without proper ventilation or respiratory protection, these fumes can cause respiratory issues or long-term health problems.
• UV and Infrared Radiation - The welding arc emits UV and IR radiation that can cause severe burns, skin damage, or "arc eye" (corneal inflammation from UV exposure).
• Burns and Spatter Injuries - Sparks, molten metal spatter, and contact with hot surfaces can lead to burns. Molten droplets can travel significant distances, posing a risk to both the welder and bystanders.
• Fire and Explosion Hazards - The heat and sparks from the welding process can ignite flammable materials or vapors, especially in poorly ventilated or cluttered environments.
• Eye Injuries - Flying particles, metal debris, and slag can cause eye injuries if appropriate protective eyewear or a welding helmet isn't used.
• Ergonomic Strain - Extended periods of welding in awkward positions can lead to repetitive motion injuries, fatigue, and musculoskeletal issues.
• Wire Feed Hazards - The fast-moving wire can cause punctures or cuts if mishandled.
• Noise Exposure - MIG welding can produce loud noises, especially in confined spaces, which can lead to hearing damage over time without ear protection.
• Heat Stress - Prolonged exposure to heat from the arc and wearing heavy PPE can result in heat exhaustion or dehydration.

OSHA 29CFR:

• 1910.252: This standard outlines the basic safety precautions and practices for welding, cutting, and brazing operations in general industry
• 1910.133:  This standard focuses on protecting workers’ eyes and faces from hazards such as flying particles, molten metal, chemicals, and harmful light radiation

ANSI/ISEA Z87.1:

• Defines requirements for protective eyewear, including welding goggles and helmets, to prevent exposure to UV, infrared (IR), and visible light
• Includes specifications for lens shade numbers based on the type of welding (e.g., arc, TIG, MIG, or gas welding)

ANSI Z49.1:

• Provides comprehensive guidance on welding safety, including recommendations for clothing, gloves, helmets, and respiratory protection
• Emphasizes fire-resistant and non-melting fabrics for clothing

NFPA 2112: Standard on Flame-Resistant Clothing for Protection Against Flash Fire
This standard establishes the minimum performance requirements for flame-resistant (FR) garments designed to protect workers from flash fire hazards. It is widely used in industries such as oil and gas, chemical manufacturing, and utilities.

ASTM F1506: Standard Performance Specification for Flame Resistant and Arc Rated Textile Materials for Wearing Apparel Used by Electrical Workers Exposed to Momentary Arc and Related Thermal Hazards
Establishes minimum performance requirements for textiles used in protective clothing for workers exposed to electrical arcs and flames.

ASTM F2413: Standard Specification for Performance Requirements for Protective (Safety) Toe Cap Footwear
Defines the minimum performance requirements for safety footwear to protect against various workplace hazards.

ISO 11611: Protective Clothing for Use in Welding and Allied Processes
Specifies requirements for protective clothing designed to shield workers from heat, flame, and molten metal splashes during welding and related tasks.

ISO 11612: Protective Clothing to Protect Against Heat and Flame
Covers general requirements for garments that protect against heat and flame in industrial settings, such as foundries and firefighting support.