• Chemical Exposure - Workers are at risk of exposure to harmful chemicals such as solvents, acids, and gases during refining and processing. Prolonged exposure can cause respiratory issues, skin irritation, or more severe health problems
• Fires and Explosions - The refining and processing of oil and gas involves highly flammable substances, which pose significant fire and explosion risks. Improper handling, equipment failure, or leaks can trigger dangerous incidents
• Heat Stress - Workers may experience heat-related illnesses due to exposure to high temperatures, especially in refinery or plant environments with high operational heat levels
• Slips, Trips, and Falls - Slippery surfaces, uneven flooring, and wet areas in processing plants and storage areas increase the risk of workers falling and sustaining injuries
• Confined Space Risks - Workers who enter tanks, reactors, and pipelines for maintenance or inspection face risks of asphyxiation, toxic gas exposure and physical entrapment in confined spaces
• Noise Hazards - High noise levels in refineries, plants, and equipment areas can lead to hearing loss or other auditory problems if adequate hearing protection is not used
• Mechanical and Electrical Hazards - Working with complex machinery and electrical systems can expose workers to mechanical hazards, electrocution and burns from electrical equipment
• Material Handling - Handling heavy materials, including chemicals and large equipment, increases the risk of injury from lifting, carrying, or dropping objects

General Standards

• OSHA 1910: Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations outline general PPE requirements, including hazard assessments, PPE selection, and worker training
• API RP 99: American Petroleum Institute's Recommended Practice for Flash Fire Risk Assessment provides guidance on hazard identification and PPE selection

Flame Resistant Clothing (FRC)

• NFPA 2112: Specifies minimum performance requirements for flame-resistant garments to protect against flash fires
• NFPA 2113: Provides guidelines for the selection, care, and use of flame-resistant clothing in hazardous environments
• ASTM F1506: Sets requirements for flame-resistant clothing used in areas with electrical arc flash and thermal exposure risks

Head Protection

• ANSI/ISEA Z89.1: US standards for head protection, including impact resistance, penetration protection, and electrical insulation

Eye and Face Protection

• ANSI/ISEA Z87.1: Ensures safety eyewear protects against impacts, splashes, and optical radiation

Respiratory Protection

• OSHA 1910.134: Requirements for respiratory protection programs, including respirator selection, use, fit testing, and training
• 42 CFR Part 84 - Approval of Respiratory Protective Devices (approved under NIOSH): Certification and performance requirements for respiratory protective equipment to ensure reliable protection

Hand Protection

• EN 388: European standard for protective gloves, focusing on resistance to mechanical risks such as abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures
• ANSI/ISEA 105: US standard for glove performance, specifying classifications for cut, puncture, and abrasion resistance
• ANSI/ISEA 138: US standard for glove performance for impact-resistant gloves, setting classification levels for back-of-hand impact protection

Foot Protection

• ASTM F2413: US standards for safety footwear, including impact resistance, puncture protection, and electrical hazard mitigation

Hearing Protection

• OSHA 1910.95: Occupational noise exposure limits and hearing conservation program requirements